نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
عنوان مقاله English
نویسنده English
Among the fundamental issues in Islamic philosophy and theology is the question of the creation of human acts and the extent of human involvement in their own deeds. The Ashʿarites maintain that human voluntary actions are created by God, and thus human beings are not the true agents of their acts. Consequently, God is regarded as the agent of all human actions—whether faith or disbelief, good or evil, virtue or vice, obedience or sin. Within this school, two positions emerged: figures such as Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī adopted the theory of determinism (jabr), while others, including Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī, embraced the doctrine of acquisition (kasb). In contrast, within the Māturīdī school, Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī proposed an intermediate view between the Imāmī (Shīʿa) and Ashʿarite positions. ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, representing the Imāmī perspective, opposed both the Ashʿarite and Māturīdī views. He argued that God does not punish or reproach human beings for His own acts; rather, it is the human act itself that merits reward or punishment. This position is grounded in teachings derived from both Shīʿa and Sunni textual and narrational sources, indicating that theological positions have a hadith-based foundation. The findings of this study show that, according to ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, acceptance of the doctrine of kasb ultimately entails a hidden form of determinism. For if actions are attributed solely to God, human responsibility for their deeds becomes meaningless. Therefore, in his view, the creation of acts is based on a combination of divine power and genuine human free will. This perspective both safeguards divine justice and renders human responsibility intelligible. Accordingly, human power and choice in performing actions are real. This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach and relies on documentary-library methods to collect, analyze, and critique information based on the opinions and reasoning of ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī.
کلیدواژهها English
